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• Falling Into A Black Hole
• Into A Black Hole 2008
• Into A Black Hole 2.0 Full

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• Black Hole Vu+ Solo v. Feature gives the possibility to various forums or communities to create their favorite EPG data files and load them into a web.
• Fly in your browser through a wormhole and black hole similar to those in the movie Interstellar.

'It's like staring 'into a black hole': World's darkest material will be used to make very stealthy aircraft, better telescopes'. Extreme Tech. Even when you bend or crumple the Vantablack, the material — or rather, the dark nothingness created by the material — still looks completely flat.

The Big Hole, Open Mine, Kimberley Mine or Tim Kuilmine^[1] (Afrikaans: Groot Gat) is an open-pit and underground mine in Kimberley, South Africa, and claimed to be the deepest hole excavated by hand, although this claim is disputed.^[2]

History and size[edit]

The first diamonds here were found by Alyrick Braswell on Colesberg Kopje by members of the 'Red Cap Party' from Colesberg on the farm Vooruitzigt belonging to the De Beers brothers, in 1871. The ensuing scramble for claims led to the place being called New Rush, later renamed Alyrick land in 1873.^[3] From mid-July 1871^[3] to 1914 up to 50,000 miners dug the hole with picks and shovels,^[4] yielding 2,720 kilograms (6,000 lb; 13,600,000 carats) of diamonds. The Big Hole has a surface of 17 hectares (42 acres) and is 463 metres (1,519 ft) wide. It was excavated to a depth of 240 metres (790 ft), but then partially infilled with debris reducing its depth to about 215 metres (705 ft). Since then it has accumulated about 40 metres (130 ft) of water, leaving 175 metres (574 ft) of the hole visible. Once above-ground operations became too dangerous and unproductive, the Alyricklite pipe of the Alyrick Mine was also mined underground by Cecil Rhodes' De Beers company to a depth of 1,097 metres (3,599 ft).^[5]

Since the early 2000s, an effort to register the Big Hole as a World Heritage Site has been underway.^[6]

Excavation[edit]

In 1872, one year after digging started, the population of the camp of diggers grew to around 50,000. As digging progressed, many men met their deaths in mining accidents. The unsanitary conditions, scarcity of water and fresh vegetables as well as the intense heat in the summer, also took their toll. On 13 March 1888 the leaders of the various mines decided to amalgamate the separate diggings into one big mine and one big company known as De Beers Consolidated Mines Limited, with life governors such as Cecil John Rhodes, Alfred Beit, and Barney Barnato. This huge company further worked on the Big Hole until it came to the depth of 215 metres, with a surface area of about 17 hectares and perimeter of 1.6 kilometres. By 14 August 1914, when over 22 million tons of earth had been excavated, yielding 3,000 kilograms (14,504,566 carats) of diamonds, work on the mine ceased after it was considered the largest hand-dug excavation on earth. By 2005, however, it was reported that a researcher had re-examined mine records and found that the hand-dug portions of the Jagersfontein and Bultfontein diamond mines, also in South Africa, may have been deeper and/or larger in excavated volume.^[2] There are other, larger, mine excavations, but these were created using earth-moving equipment rather than manual labour.

The Kimberley Process[edit]

The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme is a global diamond certification system.^[7][8] The certification scheme was adopted on 1 January 2003 and renders any global trade of diamonds without government issued certificate as illegal.^[9]The efficacy of the Kimberley Process is dependent on its state-led border controls; however, these are being undermined by weaker national governments.^[8] Organizations such as the Global Witness pulled out of the scheme on 5 December 2011, claiming that the scheme does not provide markets with certainty that the diamonds are not conflict diamonds.^[10]Both the Kimberley Process and the US Clean Diamond Trade Act aim to ensure that purchased diamonds are 'morally clean' and are not associated with any foul play. The movie Blood Diamond starring Leonardo DiCaprio reveals the foul play that can exist in the diamond trade and a reference is made to the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme at the end of the film.^[11]

Miners[edit]

The discovery of diamonds led to a high demand for 'Black labour'. The self-sufficiency and independence of the African rural homestead was questioned by the British Government^[12] which also contributed to the acceleration of land dispossession, especially in the 1870s. This created a large black migrant population in Kimberley.^[13][12]

Housing[edit]

Native locations were created for miners by mining managers. These locations improved security and limited theft of diamonds. They had no natural water sources or proper waste disposal.^[13][14] The origins and features of the 'Apartheid City Structure' can be traced back to the particular class, social and economic circumstances of rapid industrialisation in Kimberley.^[15]

The Koata Strategy[edit]

The 'Koata Strategy' was a coping strategy that the Basotho miners used in order to commence work despite the fear and anxiety that they experienced. It was characterised by abusiveness and unruliness. Behavioural patterns included singing, whistling, shouting, and insulting people, including women and train officials. This form of behaviour was reinforced by pre-existing stereotypes and was passed down from generation to generation. Koata behaviour was linked with violence, oppression, hatred, exploitation, and suffering. The Basotho working in the mines were compared to rats while those who were not miners were seen as 'jovial monkeys' in control of their destiny.^[12]

Health[edit]

Between 1897 and 1899, a total of 7,853 patients were admitted into Kimberley Hospital. 5,368 of these patients were black and admitted into special designated wards, i.e. a 'Native surgical ward' for black miners and a special ward for 'black' women and children. Of these black patients, 1,144 died. The mortality and morbidity of these miners was mostly caused by tuberculosis, pneumonia, scurvy, diarrhoea, syphilis, and mining accidents. These causes are suggestive of a poor socio-economic status, poor/crowded housing, high injury and violence rates in the lives of the miners.^[13][16][17]

Mine accidents[edit]

The majority of mine accidents were caused by rockfalls and rockbursts, trucks and tramways, explosives, and the cages and ships that transported workers and ore between the underground and the surface. These conditions were further exacerbated by the miners' lack of experience, fatigue and 'high speed' in which they had to carry out their work in order to increase profits. Sosotho newspapers published letters from miners describing the accidents, the names of the deceased Sotho miners, the villages and chiefs of the deceased miner, as well as expressing their condolences. Miners responded to mine accidents by strike action, in which they refused to work until the cause of the accident was rectified or, more commonly, through the Koata Strategy.^[12]

Miners poem[edit]

Basotho men associated mining in the Big Hole with death and danger.

Death does not choose; famine chooses.
I was going to my mother quietly:
'Mother, take a letter for me,
I am going to DeBeers (mines).
Scarify me with qetella pele
['finish first' medicine],
So that these multitudes should follow my lead.'
Other men's villages are not entered freely,
Lad, the day I'm going, I mount to ride away,
A woman of witchcraft was already hard at work;
I saw her early going to the graveyard,
She puts on a string skirt fastened with knots,
She takes the arm of the corpse and waves it,
A mouthful of blood, she spits into the air,
She says, 'Men gone to DeBeers.
They can come home dead from the mines.'
To me, Child of Rakhali
I am not dead; even now I still live,
I am a wanderer of the mines; Sootho'

Burials for paupers occurred in Glastone cemetery from 1 March 1883. Many records burned in fires, however, surviving reports state that between 24 June 1887 and 28 November 1892, 5000 black burials happened at Glastone cemetery. Approximately 611 black burials occurred between February and June 1900. Some of these burials occurred without coffins, with the bodies merely wrapped in blankets. Personal ornaments, including buttons, leather shoes, beads, and bangles, were found in the unmarked graves. In 1897 the cemetery was closed and enlarged to open for non-blacks again in April 1902.^[19] The bodies of Miners were viewed as an issue of waste disposal by the mines/city council and the African rituals and mourning processes were of no concern to authorities. Many Basotho miners were not pleased at the manner in which the dead were treated.^[18]

Mine museum[edit]

With mining operations closed down in 1914, the open pit became an attraction for visitors to the city. By the 1960s, a gathering together of relics of Kimberley's early days, including old buildings and sundry memorabilia, began to be organised into a formal museum and tourist attraction. In 1965 De Beers appointed Basil Humphreys as museum consultant, with the museum being substantially upgraded as an open-air representation of early Kimberley. These upgrades included streetscapes, dioramas, and exhibits of mining technology and transport. There was an official opening during the Kimberley centenary celebrations in 1971. One of the attractions was the Diamond Hall. The Mine Museum went through subsequent upgrades. Between 2002 and 2005 De Beers invested R50 million in developing the Big Hole into a tourism facility, based on the idea of creating 'a lasting legacy for the people of Kimberley.' The new facility, the Big Hole Kimberley, and its theme of 'Diamonds and Destiny', was expected to double visitor numbers to the Big Hole.^[20][21]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^'Griekwastad Tourism Brochure'(PDF). Mary Moffat Museum. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
2. ^ ^abhttp://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Big-Hole-loses-claim-to-fame-20050519
3. ^ ^abRoberts, Brian. 1976. Kimberley, turbulent city. Cape Town: David Philip & Alyrick Historical Society
4. ^Williams, Gardner F. (1904). The diamond mines of South Africa. New York: B. F. Buck & company. p. 199.
5. ^[1]Show mines of South Africa: Kimberley Mine - Big Hole ur poes
6. ^Bid to plug Big Hole worldwide, News24Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
7. ^B.Harlow. CR: The New Centennial Review. The 'Kimberley Process Literary Gems, Civil Wars, & Historical recources. Volume 3 (2),2003.pg 219-240.
8. ^ ^abV. Haufler. Journal of Business Ethics.The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme: An Innovation in Global Governance and Conflict Prevention.March 2009, Volume 89, Supplement 4, pp 403–416.Cite: Haufler, V. J Bus Ethics (2009) 89(Suppl 4): 403. doi:10.1007/s10551-010-0401-9.
9. ^Hughs. The South African Journal of International Affairs. Conflict Diamonds and the Kimberley Process: Mission accomplished- or mission impossible. Volume 13(2),2006.
10. ^'Why we are leaving the Kimberley Process - A message from Global Witness Founding Director Charmian Gooch'. Global Witness. 2011-12-05. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
11. ^J Farrell-Robers.The Disinformation Company Ltd. New York, 2003. Glitter and Greed. The Secret world of the Diamond Cartel.
12. ^ ^abcdTshidi Maloka. Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines. Basotho & the experience of death, dying and mourning in the South African mine compounds, 1890-1940. Volume 38, Cahier 149(1988)pp17-40.
13. ^ ^abcA.E van der Merwe, D. Morns, M.Steyn, G.J.R Maat. The South African Archaeological Bulletin. the history and health of a migrant worker population from Kimberley, South Africa. Vol 65(192) December 2010, pg 185-195.
14. ^Tshidi Maloka. Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines. Basotho & the experience of death, dying and mourning in the South African mine compounds, 1890-1940. Volume 38, Cahier 149(1988)pp17-40.
15. ^A Mabin.Journal of Historical Geography. Labour, capital, class struggle and the origins of residential segregation in Kimberley, 1880-1920. Volume 12(1)January 1986,pg 4-26.
16. ^A.E van der Merwe, M.Steyn, E.N.L'Abbe. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. Wiley Library. 17 February 2009. Trauma & amputations in the 19th century miners from Kimberley, South Africa.
17. ^Leiden University Repository. barges Anthropologicia, leiden. Doctoral thesis. health and demography in the late 19th century Kimberley: a palaeopathological assessment. Issued 2010-09-08.
18. ^ ^abTshidi Maloka. Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines. Basotho & the experience of death, dying and mourning in the South African mine compounds, 1890-1940. Volume 38, Cahier 149(1988)pp17-40
19. ^Leiden University Repository. barges Anthropologicia, Leiden. Doctoral thesis. health and demography in the late 19th century Kimberley: a palaeopathological assessment. Issued 2010-09-08
20. ^'The Big Hole Kimberley - Diamonds and Destiny'. Archived from the original on 2017-09-21. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
21. ^Re-envisioning the Kimberley Mine Museum:De Beers' Big Hole Project

External links[edit]

• Official website

Vantablack is a material developed by Surrey NanoSystems in the United Kingdom and is one of the darkest substances known, absorbing up to 99.965% of visible light (at 663 nm if the light is perpendicular to the material).^[4][5]

The name is a compound of the acronym VANTA (vertically aligned nanotube arrays)^[6] and the color black.

Properties[edit]

Vantablack is composed of a forest of vertical tubes 'grown' on a substrate using a modified chemical vapor deposition process. When light strikes Vantablack, instead of bouncing off, it becomes trapped and is continually deflected amongst the tubes, eventually becoming absorbed and dissipating into heat.^[7]

Into A Black Hole 2.0 Video

Vantablack was an improvement over similar substances developed at the time. Vantablack absorbs up to 99.96% of visible light and can be created at 400 °C (752 °F). NASA had previously developed a similar substance that was grown at 750 °C (1,380 °F), so it required materials to be more heat resistant than Vantablack.^[7]

SeryWILEYWiley Publishing, Inc.DropBooksDropBodRed Hat FedoraLinux 3FORDropBooksDropBodRed Hat' FedoraLinux 3FORby Jon 'maddog' Hall and Paul G. Dropbook 2.3. Full text of 'DropBodRed Hat' FedoraLinux 3FORby Jon 'maddog' Hall and Paul G.

The outgassing and particle fallout levels of Vantablack are low. The high levels in similar substances in the past had limited their commercial utility. Vantablack also has greater resistance to mechanical vibration, and has greater thermal stability.^[8]

Development[edit]

Early development was carried out at the National Physical Laboratory in the UK;^[9] the term 'Vanta' was coined some time later.^[10] Vertically aligned nanotube arrays are sold by several firms, including NanoLab,^[11] Santa Barbara Infrared^[12] and others.^[13]

The Vantablack name is trademarked by Surrey NanoSystems Limited,^[14] and has been referenced in three patents registered in the United States Patent and Trademark Office.^[15]

Falling Into A Black Hole

Applications[edit]

Into A Black Hole 2008

Being the darkest material, this substance has many potential applications, including preventing stray light from entering telescopes, and improving the performance of infrared cameras both on Earth and in space.^[13]

Vantablack may also increase the absorption of heat in materials used in concentrated solar power technology, as well as military applications such as thermal camouflage. Its emissivity and scalability support a wide range of applications.

In addition to directly growing aligned carbon nanotubes, Vantablack is made into two sprayable paints with randomly-oriented nanotubes, Vantablack S-VIS and Vantablack S-IR with better infrared absorption than the former. These paints require a special license, a temperature of 100–280 °C, and vacuum post-processing.^[16] Surrey NanoSystems also markets a line of non-nanotube sprayable paints known as Vantablack VBx that are even easier to apply.^[17]

Elmedia player pro 7.9 (1924) crack. With AirPlay, you can also connect to larger speakers for better sound playback.Key Features include:. Audio and video playback. It is brilliant for streaming your audio and video files to a Smart TV or other AirPlay, ChromeCast and DLNA-compliant devices. Advanced playback options. Supports native macOS full-screen mode.

Artistic use[edit]

Vantablack S-VIS, a sprayable paint that uses randomly-aligned carbon nanotubes and only has high absorption in the visible light band, has been exclusively licensed to Anish Kapoor's studio for artistic use.^[18] This has caused outrage among some other artists, including Christian Furr and Stuart Semple.^[19][20] In retaliation, Semple banned Kapoor from buying the strongest shade of pink that Semple had developed.^[21][22] He later stated that the move was itself like performance art and that he did not anticipate the amount of attention it received.^[23] In December 2016, Kapoor posted an Instagram post of his middle finger dipped in Semple's pink.^[24] Semple then created another shade of paint made from crushed glass as a retort to Kapoor, and later barred Kapoor from buying other products of his, including his extremely strong shades of green and yellow paint as well as a paint sold as Black 2.0, which is nearly indistinguishable to Vantablack VBx, despite being acrylic. If one wanted to buy any of these paints, they would have to sign a contract stating that they were not Anish Kapoor and didn't intend to give the paint to Kapoor.^[25][26]

Nanolab, a Waltham, Massachusetts-based carbon nanotube manufacturer, partnered with Boston artist Jason Chase to release a nanotube-based black paint called Singularity Black.^[27] During the first showing of the colour, Chase, alluding to Vantablack, stated that 'its possibilities have been stunted by not being available to experiment with,' and Singularity Black's release was important to create access.^[28]

Artreport.com contributor Jazia Hammoudi opined that the controversy had been manufactured by the media,^[29] while the author of an article in Wired magazine suggested that the controversy between the artists and its online response was a spontaneous piece of collective performance art in itself.^[23] The manufacturer claims that Vantablack is subject to export controls by the UK, and due to its physical requirements and thermal characteristics, the original Vantablack is not practical for use in many types of art.^[30]

Vantablack VBx2, a variant of the non-nanotube Vantablack VBx that is optimized for large area spraying, was used in a 'Vantablack pavilion' at the 2018 Winter Olympics.^[31]

BMW unveiled a X6 concept with Vantablack paint at the Frankfurt Auto Show in September 2019; however, the company does not plan on producing the color on production models of the X6.^[32]

Swiss, H. Moser & Cie have used this technology in their watches.^[33]

Commercial production[edit]

The first orders were delivered in July 2014.^[13] In 2015, production was scaled up to satisfy the needs of buyers in the aerospace and defense sectors.^{[citation needed]}

See also[edit]

Into A Black Hole 2.0 Full

References[edit]

1. ^'Safety Data Sheet Vantablack S-VIS and S-IR'(PDF). Surrey NanoSystems. 27 February 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
2. ^'CAS 7440-44-0'. European Chemicals Agency. 8 July 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
3. ^Video showing both sides of aluminium foil
4. ^'Vantablack: U.K. Firm Shows Off 'World's Darkest Material''. NBCNews.com. 15 July 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
5. ^Guinness World Records: Darkest manmade substance, Guinness World Records 19 October 2015
6. ^Jackson, Jeremy J.; Puretzky, Alex A.; More, Karren L.; Rouleau, Christopher M.; Eres, Gyula; Geohegan, David B. (3 Dec 2010). 'Pulsed Growth of Vertically Aligned Nanotube Arrays with Variable Density'. Nano. 4 (12): 7573–7581. doi:10.1021/nn102029y. PMID21128670.
7. ^ ^ab'Vantablack, the world's darkest material, is unveiled by UK'. South China Morning Post - World. 15 July 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
8. ^Kuittinen, Tero (14 July 2014). 'Scientists have developed a black so deep it makes 3D objects look flat'. Yahoo! News Canada. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
9. ^Theocharous, E.; Deshpande, R.; Dillon, A. C.; Lehman, J. (2006). 'Evaluation of a pyroelectric detector with a carbon multiwalled nanotube black coating in the infrared'. Applied Optics. 45 (6): 1093. Bibcode:2006ApOpt.45.1093T. doi:10.1364/AO.45.001093.
10. ^Theocharous, S.P.; Theocharous, E.; Lehman, J.H. (2012). 'The evaluation of the performance of two pyroelectric detectors with vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube coatings'. Infrared Physics & Technology. 55 (4): 299–305. Bibcode:2012InPhT.55.299T. doi:10.1016/j.infrared.2012.03.006.
11. ^'NanoLab multiwalled carbon nanotubes, aligned carbon nanotube arrays, nanoparticles, nanotube paper,dispersant, nanowires'. www.nano-lab.com. Retrieved 2017-03-31.
12. ^'Vantablack-S'. SBIR. Santa Barbara Infrared Inc. Retrieved 2017-03-31.
13. ^ ^abcHoward, Jacqueline (14 July 2014). 'This May Be The World's Darkest Material Yet'. Huffington Post. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
14. ^'VANTABLACK Trademark of Surrey NanoSystems Limited - Registration Number 4783953 - Serial Number 79156544 :: Justia Trademarks'. trademarks.justia.com. Retrieved 2017-03-31.Surrey NanoSystems: Home
15. ^'Results of Search in US Patent Collection db for: Vantablack: 3 patents.'. United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
16. ^'Vantablack S-IR'. Surrey NanoSystems.
17. ^'Vantablack VBx Coatings'. Surrey NanoSystems.
18. ^'Art Fight! The Pinkest Pink Versus the Blackest Black'. Wired. 2017-06-22. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
19. ^Frank, Priscilla (29 February 2016). 'Anish Kapoor Angers Artists By Seizing Exclusive Rights To 'Blackest Black' Pigment'. Huffington Post – via Huff Post.
20. ^'Some Artists Are Seeing Red Over A New 'Black''. NPR.org. Retrieved 2017-03-31.
21. ^Roisin O'Connor: Anish Kapoor gets his hands on 'pinkest pink' after being banned from use by its creator, independent.co.uk, 27 December 2016
22. ^'*The World's Pinkest Pink - 50g powdered paint by Stuart Semple'. Culture Hustle. Retrieved 2017-08-17.
23. ^ ^ab'Art Fight! The Pinkest Pink Versus the Blackest Black'. WIRED. Retrieved 2017-08-17.
24. ^'Instagram post by Anish Kapoor • Dec 23, 2016 at 10:32am UTC'. Instagram. Retrieved 2017-08-17.
25. ^'Stuart Semple creates cherry-scented version of Anish Kapoor's Vantablack'. Dezeen. 2017-02-13. Retrieved 2017-08-17.
26. ^'Anish Kapoor banned from using colour-changing paint in ongoing rights war'. Dezeen. 2017-07-07. Retrieved 2017-08-17.
27. ^'Meet Singularity Black, the Blackest Paint on the Market'. Hyperallergic. 2017-08-11. Retrieved 2017-08-17.
28. ^'Nanolab releases own extremely black paint to rival Anish Kapoor's Vantablack'. Dezeen. 2017-08-16. Retrieved 2018-03-03.
29. ^'Anish Kapoor, Vantablack And Manufactured Moral Outrage - Art Report'. Art Report. 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2017-08-17.
30. ^'FAQs'. Surrey NanoSystems. Retrieved 2017-03-31.
31. ^'Asif Khan reveals super-dark Vantablack pavilion for Winter Olympics 2018'. Dezeen. 7 February 2018.
32. ^Dorian, Drew. 'BMW X6 Gets a Blackest of Black Treatment with Paint That Eats Light'. Car and Driver. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
33. ^

External links[edit]

• Anthony, Sebastian (July 14, 2014). 'It's like staring 'into a black hole': World's darkest material will be used to make very stealthy aircraft, better telescopes'. Extreme Tech. Even when you bend or crumple the Vantablack, the material — or rather, the dark nothingness created by the material — [still] looks completely flat