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Quantifiers specify how many instances of a character, group, or character class must be present in the input for a match to be found. The following table lists the quantifiers supported by .NET.
| Greedy quantifier | Lazy quantifier | Description |
|---|---|---|
* | *? | Match zero or more times. |
+ | +? | Match one or more times. |
? | ?? | Match zero or one time. |
{n} | {n}? | Match exactly n times. |
{n,} | {n,}? | Match at least n times. |
{n,m} | {n,m}? | Match from n to m times. |
The quantities n and m are integer constants. Ordinarily, quantifiers are greedy; they cause the regular expression engine to match as many occurrences of particular patterns as possible. Appending the ? character to a quantifier makes it lazy; it causes the regular expression engine to match as few occurrences as possible. For a complete description of the difference between greedy and lazy quantifiers, see the section Greedy and Lazy Quantifiers later in this topic.
Important
Nesting quantifiers (for example, as the regular expression pattern (a*)* does) can increase the number of comparisons that the regular expression engine must perform, as an exponential function of the number of characters in the input string. For more information about this behavior and its workarounds, see Backtracking.
The following sections list the quantifiers supported by .NET regular expressions.
Note
If the *, +, ?, {, and } characters are encountered in a regular expression pattern, the regular expression engine interprets them as quantifiers or part of quantifier constructs unless they are included in a character class. To interpret these as literal characters outside a character class, you must escape them by preceding them with a backslash. For example, the string * in a regular expression pattern is interpreted as a literal asterisk ('*') character.
The * quantifier matches the preceding element zero or more times. It is equivalent to the {0,} quantifier. * is a greedy quantifier whose lazy equivalent is *?.
The following example illustrates this regular expression. Of the nine digits in the input string, five match the pattern and four (95, 929, 9219, and 9919) do not.
The regular expression pattern is defined as shown in the following table.
| Pattern | Description |
|---|---|
b | Start at a word boundary. |
91* | Match a '9' followed by zero or more '1' characters. |
9* | Match zero or more '9' characters. |
b | End at a word boundary. |
The + quantifier matches the preceding element one or more times. It is equivalent to {1,}. + is a greedy quantifier whose lazy equivalent is +?.
For example, the regular expression ban+w*?b tries to match entire words that begin with the letter a followed by one or more instances of the letter n. The following example illustrates this regular expression. The regular expression matches the words an, annual, announcement, and antique, and correctly fails to match autumn and all.
The regular expression pattern is defined as shown in the following table.
| Pattern | Description |
|---|---|
b | Start at a word boundary. |
an+ | Match an 'a' followed by one or more 'n' characters. |
w*? | Match a word character zero or more times, but as few times as possible. |
b | End at a word boundary. |
The ? quantifier matches the preceding element zero or one time. It is equivalent to {0,1}. ? is a greedy quantifier whose lazy equivalent is ??.
For example, the regular expression ban?b tries to match entire words that begin with the letter a followed by zero or one instances of the letter n. In other words, it tries to match the words a and an. The following example illustrates this regular expression.
The regular expression pattern is defined as shown in the following table.
| Pattern | Description |
|---|---|
b | Start at a word boundary. |
an? | Match an 'a' followed by zero or one 'n' character. |
b | End at a word boundary. |
The {n} quantifier matches the preceding element exactly n times, where n is any integer. {n} is a greedy quantifier whose lazy equivalent is {n}?.
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For example, the regular expression bd+,d{3}b tries to match a word boundary followed by one or more decimal digits followed by three decimal digits followed by a word boundary. The following example illustrates this regular expression.
The regular expression pattern is defined as shown in the following table.
| Pattern | Description |
|---|---|
b | Start at a word boundary. |
d+ | Match one or more decimal digits. |
, | Match a comma character. |
d{3} | Match three decimal digits. |
b | End at a word boundary. |
The {n,} quantifier matches the preceding element at least n times, where n is any integer. {n,} is a greedy quantifier whose lazy equivalent is {n,}?.
For example, the regular expression bd{2,}bD+ tries to match a word boundary followed by at least two digits followed by a word boundary and a non-digit character. The following example illustrates this regular expression. The regular expression fails to match the phrase '7 days' because it contains just one decimal digit, but it successfully matches the phrases '10 weeks and 300 years'.
The regular expression pattern is defined as shown in the following table.
| Pattern | Description |
|---|---|
b | Start at a word boundary. |
d{2,} | Match at least two decimal digits. |
b | Match a word boundary. |
D+ | Match at least one non-decimal digit. |
The {n,m} quantifier matches the preceding element at least n times, but no more than m times, where n and m are integers. {n,m} is a greedy quantifier whose lazy equivalent is {n,m}?.
In the following example, the regular expression (00s){2,4} tries to match between two and four occurrences of two zero digits followed by a space. Note that the final portion of the input string includes this pattern five times rather than the maximum of four. However, only the initial portion of this substring (up to the space and the fifth pair of zeros) matches the regular expression pattern.
The *? quantifier matches the preceding element zero or more times, but as few times as possible. It is the lazy counterpart of the greedy quantifier *.
In the following example, the regular expression bw*?oow*?b matches all words that contain the string oo.
The regular expression pattern is defined as shown in the following table.
| Pattern | Description |
|---|---|
b | Start at a word boundary. |
w*? | Match zero or more word characters, but as few characters as possible. |
oo | Match the string 'oo'. |
w*? | Match zero or more word characters, but as few characters as possible. |
b | End on a word boundary. |
The +? quantifier matches the preceding element one or more times, but as few times as possible. It is the lazy counterpart of the greedy quantifier +.
For example, the regular expression bw+?b matches one or more characters separated by word boundaries. The following example illustrates this regular expression.
The ?? quantifier matches the preceding element zero or one time, but as few times as possible. It is the lazy counterpart of the greedy quantifier ?.
For example, the regular expression ^s*(System.)??Console.Write(Line)??(?? attempts to match the strings 'Console.Write' or 'Console.WriteLine'. The string can also include 'System.' before 'Console', and it can be followed by an opening parenthesis. The string must be at the beginning of a line, although it can be preceded by white space. The following example illustrates this regular expression.
The regular expression pattern is defined as shown in the following table.
| Pattern | Description |
|---|---|
^ | Match the start of the input stream. |
s* | Match zero or more white-space characters. |
(System.)?? | Match zero or one occurrence of the string 'System.'. |
Console.Write | Match the string 'Console.Write'. |
(Line)?? | Match zero or one occurrence of the string 'Line'. |
(?? | Match zero or one occurrence of the opening parenthesis. |
The {n}? quantifier matches the preceding element exactly n times, where n is any integer. It is the lazy counterpart of the greedy quantifier {n}.
In the following example, the regular expression b(w{3,}?.){2}?w{3,}?b is used to identify a Web site address. Note that it matches 'www.microsoft.com' and 'msdn.microsoft.com', but does not match 'mywebsite' or 'mycompany.com'.
The regular expression pattern is defined as shown in the following table.
| Pattern | Description |
|---|---|
b | Start at a word boundary. |
(w{3,}?.) | Match at least 3 word characters, but as few characters as possible, followed by a dot or period character. This is the first capturing group. |
(w{3,}?.){2}? | Match the pattern in the first group two times, but as few times as possible. |
b | End the match on a word boundary. |
The {n,}? quantifier matches the preceding element at least n times, where n is any integer, but as few times as possible. It is the lazy counterpart of the greedy quantifier {n,}.
See the example for the {n}? quantifier in the previous section for an illustration. The regular expression in that example uses the {n,} quantifier to match a string that has at least three characters followed by a period.
The {n,m}? quantifier matches the preceding element between n and m times, where n and m are integers, but as few times as possible. It is the lazy counterpart of the greedy quantifier {n,m}.
In the following example, the regular expression b[A-Z](w*?s*?){1,10}[.!?] matches sentences that contain between one and ten words. It matches all the sentences in the input string except for one sentence that contains 18 words.
The regular expression pattern is defined as shown in the following table.
| Pattern | Description |
|---|---|
b | Start at a word boundary. |
[A-Z] | Match an uppercase character from A to Z. |
(w*?s*?) | Match zero or more word characters, followed by one or more white-space characters, but as few times as possible. This is the first capture group. |
{1,10} | Match the previous pattern between 1 and 10 times. |
[.!?] | Match any one of the punctuation characters '.', '!', or '?'. |
A number of the quantifiers have two versions:
A greedy version.
A greedy quantifier tries to match an element as many times as possible.
A non-greedy (or lazy) version.
A non-greedy quantifier tries to match an element as few times as possible. You can turn a greedy quantifier into a lazy quantifier by simply adding a ?.
Consider a simple regular expression that is intended to extract the last four digits from a string of numbers such as a credit card number. The version of the regular expression that uses the * greedy quantifier is b.*([0-9]{4})b. However, if a string contains two numbers, this regular expression matches the last four digits of the second number only, as the following example shows.
The regular expression fails to match the first number because the * quantifier tries to match the previous element as many times as possible in the entire string, and so it finds its match at the end of the string.
This is not the desired behavior. Instead, you can use the *?lazy quantifier to extract digits from both numbers, as the following example shows.
In most cases, regular expressions with greedy and lazy quantifiers return the same matches. They most commonly return different results when they are used with the wildcard (.) metacharacter, which matches any character.
The quantifiers *, +, and {n,m} and their lazy counterparts never repeat after an empty match when the minimum number of captures has been found. This rule prevents quantifiers from entering infinite loops on empty subexpression matches when the maximum number of possible group captures is infinite or near infinite.
For example, the following code shows the result of a call to the Regex.Match method with the regular expression pattern (a?)*, which matches zero or one 'a' character zero or more times. Note that the single capturing group captures each 'a' as well as String.Empty, but that there is no second empty match, because the first empty match causes the quantifier to stop repeating.
To see the practical difference between a capturing group that defines a minimum and a maximum number of captures and one that defines a fixed number of captures, consider the regular expression patterns (a1 (?(1)1)){0,2} and (a1 (?(1)1)){2}. Both regular expressions consist of a single capturing group, which is defined as shown in the following table.
| Pattern | Description |
|---|---|
(a1 | Either match 'a' along with the value of the first captured group … |
(?(1) | … or test whether the first captured group has been defined. (Note that the (?(1) construct does not define a capturing group.) |
1)) | If the first captured group exists, match its value. If the group does not exist, the group will match String.Empty. |
The first regular expression tries to match this pattern between zero and two times; the second, exactly two times. Because the first pattern reaches its minimum number of captures with its first capture of String.Empty, it never repeats to try to match a1; the {0,2} quantifier allows only empty matches in the last iteration. In contrast, the second regular expression does match 'a' because it evaluates a1 a second time; the minimum number of iterations, 2, forces the engine to repeat after an empty match.
This chapter describes how to create and manage an Oracle Wallet to store database credentials for WebLogic Server 12.1.3 datasource definitions.
This chapter includes the following sections:
Oracle Wallet provides an simple and easy method to manage database credentials across multiple domains. It allows you to update database credentials by updating the Wallet instead of having to change individual datasource definitions. This is accomplished by using a database connection string in the datasource definition that is resolved by an entry in the wallet.
This feature can be taken a step further by also using the Oracle TNS (Transparent Network Substrate) administrative file to hide the details of the database connection string (host name, port number, and service name) from the datasource definition and instead use an alias. If the connection information changes, it is simply a matter of changing the tnsnames.ora file instead of potentially many datasource definitions.
The wallet can be used to have common credentials between different domains. That includes two different WLS domains or sharing credentials between WLS and the database. When used correctly, it makes having passwords in the datasource configuration unnecessary.
Oracle recommends that you create and manage the Wallet in a database environment. This environment provides all the necessary commands and libraries, including the $ORACLE_HOME/oracle_common/bin/mkstore command. Often this task is completed by a database administrator and provided for use by the client. A configured Wallet consists of two files, cwallet.sso and ewallet.p12 stored in a secure Wallet directory
Note:
You can also install the Oracle Client Runtime package to provide the necessary commands and libraries to create and manage Oracle Wallet.Create a wallet on the client by using the following syntax at the command line:
where wallet_location is the path to the directory where you want to create and store the wallet.
This command creates an Oracle Wallet with the autologin feature enabled at the location specified. Autologin enables the client to access the Wallet contents without supplying a password and prevents exposing a clear text password on the client.
The mkstore command prompts for a password that is used for subsequent commands. Passwords must have a minimum length of eight characters and contain alphabetic characters combined with numbers or special characters. For example:
Note:
Using Oracle Wallet moves the security vulnerability from a clear text password in the datasource configuration file to an encrypted password in the Wallet file. Make sure the Wallet file is stored in a secure location.You can store multiple credentials for multiple databases in one client wallet. You cannot store multiple credentials (for logging in to multiple schemas) for the same database in the same wallet. If you have multiple login credentials for the same database, then they must be stored in separate wallets.
To add database login credentials to an existing client wallet, enter the following command at the command line:
where:
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The wallet_location is the path to the directory where you created the wallet.
The db_connect_string must be identical to the connection string that you specify in the URL used in the datasource definition (the part of the string that follows the @). It can be either the short form or the long form of the URL. For example:
myhost:1521/myservice or
(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS_LIST=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=myhost-scan)(PORT=1521)))(CONNECT_DATA=(SERVICE_NAME=myservice)))
Note:
You should enclose this value in quotation marks to escape any special characters from the shell. Since this name is generally a long and complex value, an alternative is to use TNS aliases. See Using a TNS Alias instead of a DB Connect String.The username and password are the database login credentials.
Repeat for each database you want to use in a WebLogic datasource.
See the Oracle Database Advanced Security Administrator's Guide for more information about using autologin and maintaining Wallet passwords.
Use the following procedures to configure a WebLogic Server datasource to use Oracle Wallet:
Copy the Wallet files, cwallet.sso and ewallet.p12, from the database machine to the client machine and locate it in a secure directory.
Use the following steps to configure a WebLogic datasource to use Oracle Wallet:
Do not enter a user or password in the WebLogic Server Administration Console when creating a datasource or delete them from an existing datasource. If a user, password, or encrypted password appear in the configuration, they override the Oracle wallet values.
Modify the URL so that there is a ”/” before the ”@”. For example: the short form of the URL should look like jdbc:oracle:thin:/@mydburl:1234/mydb).
The following value must be added to Connection Properties:
oracle.net.wallet_location=wallet_directory
where wallet_directory is the secure directory location in Step 1 of Copy the Wallet Files. An alternative method is use the -Doracle.net.wallet_location system property and add it to JAVA_OPTIONS. Oracle recommends using the connection property.
Instead of specifying a matching database connection string in the URL and in the Oracle Wallet, you can create an alias to map the URL information. The connection string information is stored in tnsnames.ora file with an associated alias name. The alias name is then used both in the URL and the Wallet.
Specify the system property -Doracle.net.tns_admin=tns_directory where tns_directory is the directory location of the tnsnames.ora file.
Note:
Do not use thetns_directory location as a connection property.Create or modify a tnsnames.ora file in the directory location specified by tns_directory. The entry has the form:
alias=(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=host)(PORT=port))(CONNECT_DATA=(SERVICE_NAME=service)))
Where host is URL of a database listener, port is the port a database listener, and service is the service name of the database you would like to connect to.
There are additional attributes that can be configured, see 'Local Naming Parameters (tnsnames.ora)' in the Database Net Services Reference. Oracle recommends that the string be entered on a single line.
Use the alias in the datasource definition URL by replacing the connection string with the alias. For example, change the URL attribute in the Connection Pool tab of the Administrative Console to jdbc:oracle:thin:/@alias.
Once created, it should not be necessary to modify the alias or the datasource definition again. To change the user credential, update the Wallet. To change the connection information, update the tnsnames.ora file. In either case, the datasource must be re-deployed. The simplest way to redeploy a datasource is to untarget and target the datasource in the WebLogic Server Administration Console. This configuration is supported for Oracle release 10.2 and higher drivers.